tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37369836341446334382024-03-05T09:32:51.916+05:30Many innovating thingstejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-91251808559731733372010-02-21T09:41:00.006+05:302010-02-21T09:56:14.912+05:30How Escalators Work<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0AI1u7SAYQp_z3Q2zqiGmKgbh1-OWmt9yFECMn85TyKD7f7Ra1fxOF1Fi_vxA6b00LpkYEyJn3DOmTSFz6bf9pnK0apDj3JhFZM6Bq293cPfW044tVg_lvadXALOH4Z9wtX-adZ5lg1E/s1600-h/2008_p3_escalator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0AI1u7SAYQp_z3Q2zqiGmKgbh1-OWmt9yFECMn85TyKD7f7Ra1fxOF1Fi_vxA6b00LpkYEyJn3DOmTSFz6bf9pnK0apDj3JhFZM6Bq293cPfW044tVg_lvadXALOH4Z9wtX-adZ5lg1E/s320/2008_p3_escalator.jpg" /></a></span></div><span style="font-size: small;">Escalators are one of the largest, most expensive machines people use on a regular basis, but they're also one of the simplest.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">At its most basic level, an escalator is just a simple variation on the conveyer belt. A pair of rotating chain loops pull a series of stairs in a constant cycle, moving a lot of people a short distance at a good speed. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In this article, we'll look inside an escalator to find out exactly how these elements fit together. While it is exceedingly simple, the system that keeps all the steps moving in perfect synchrony is really quite brilliant. </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"><center><span style="color: #000099;">What's in a Name?</span></center> Early escalators were known by a variety of names, including "travelling staircase," "inclined elevator" and "magic stairway." Around 1900, Charles Seeberger, who designed the forerunner of the modern escalator, came up with the name that finally stuck. His term "escalator" is a combination of "elevator" and "scala," the Latin word for steps.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">Stepping out</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9dQ3GY2FHj9e6W_Ot9XW4exwpwVm4YL5QvlznA-SsqnfGleh7ZTZSSNqtFnI-0UHmZz1Ffs3I8cJVgV2u2ubBdQvhVM5hgUnjgEkXspYBw9g-BpWpdCKgNSlK-r-5EWVUIJoyzi4jiQ/s1600-h/hpm_0000_0003_0_img0050.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz9dQ3GY2FHj9e6W_Ot9XW4exwpwVm4YL5QvlznA-SsqnfGleh7ZTZSSNqtFnI-0UHmZz1Ffs3I8cJVgV2u2ubBdQvhVM5hgUnjgEkXspYBw9g-BpWpdCKgNSlK-r-5EWVUIJoyzi4jiQ/s320/hpm_0000_0003_0_img0050.jpg" /></a></div><br />
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The core of an escalator is a pair of chains, looped around two pairs of gears. An electric motor turns the <b>drive gears</b> at the top, which rotate the chain loops. A typical escalator uses a 100 horsepower motor to rotate the gears. The motor and chain system are housed inside the <b>truss</b>, a metal structure extending between two floors. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Instead of moving a flat surface, as in a conveyer belt, the chain loops move a <b>series of steps</b>. The coolest thing about an escalator is the way these steps move. As the chains move, the steps always stay level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the steps collapse on each other, creating a flat platform. This makes it easier to get on and off the escalator. In the diagram below, you can see how the escalator does all of this. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"> <center><img src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/escalator-steps.jpg" /><br />
<b>The individual steps from an escalator</b><br />
</center> </span> <br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The <b>tracks</b> are spaced apart in such a way that each step will always remain level. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the tracks level off to a horizontal position, flattening the stairway. Each step has a series of grooves in it, so it will fit together with the steps behind it and in front of it during this flattening. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
<table align="right" bgcolor="#eef4f6" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="width: 200px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"> <center><span style="color: #000099;">Step Speed</span></center> Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet per minute to 180 feet per minute (27 to 55 mete</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;">rs per minute). An escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry more than 10,000 people an hour -- many more people than a standard elevator.</span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica; font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;">In addition to rotating the main chain loops, the electric motor in an escalator also moves the <b>handrails</b>. A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels. This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to give riders some stability. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The escalator system isn't nearly as good as an elevator at lifting people dozens of stories, but it is much better at moving people a short distance. This is because of the escalator's high <b>loading rate</b>. Once an elevator is filled up, you have to wait for it to reach its floor and return before anybody else can get on. On an escalator, as soon as you load one person on, there's space for another.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">reference :: www()howthestufwrks()com </span><br />
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</span>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-14245202825104363462010-02-14T15:39:00.000+05:302010-02-14T15:39:13.343+05:30Question Mark ????????????????????????<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7gLW-5STlFjHWugJMpk0JIAlTpJ0h0dlWeIleUkUp4jzt1YhTIYhdC7Ar0AIuJDObec67ZeiZwz8DXksc7kbWNGLqeTod0s9MGRcj6FS7YsYkf476Grj4deWRPR7w5PC-c6qmVli-N9Q/s1600-h/green_question_mark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7gLW-5STlFjHWugJMpk0JIAlTpJ0h0dlWeIleUkUp4jzt1YhTIYhdC7Ar0AIuJDObec67ZeiZwz8DXksc7kbWNGLqeTod0s9MGRcj6FS7YsYkf476Grj4deWRPR7w5PC-c6qmVli-N9Q/s200/green_question_mark.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">In the English language, the <b>question mark</b> (?), also known as an <b>interrogation point</b>,<b>interrogation mark</b>, <b>question point</b>, <b>query</b>, or <b>eroteme</b>, is a punctuation mark that replaces the period at the end of an interrogative sentence. It can also be used mid-sentence to mark a merely interrogative phrase, where it functions similarly to a comma, such as in the single sentence "Where shall we go? and what shall we do?", but this usage is increasingly rare. The question mark is not used for indirect questions. The question mark character is also often used in place of missing or unknown data.</span></span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Lynne Truss attributes an early form of the question mark to Alcuin of York. Truss describes the<i>punctus </i><br />
of the late 700s as "a lightning flash, striking from right to left", a mark looking like this. (The punctuation system of Aelius Donatus, current through the Early Middle Ages, used only simple dots at various heights.)</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">This early question mark was a decoration of one of these dots, with the "lightning flash" perhaps meant to denote intonation (or was it a tilde or titlo, named after the latin word <i>titulus</i>, as in “ <b>·~</b> ”, like those wavy and more or less slanted marks used in lots of medieval texts for denoting various things such as abbreviations, and that would become later various diacritics or ligatures or modified letters used in the Latin script?), and perhaps associated with early musical notation like neumes. Over the next three centuries this pitch-defining element (if it ever existed) seems to have been forgotten, so that the Alcuinesque stroke-over-dot sign (with the stroke sometimes slightly curved) is often seen indifferently at the end of clauses, whether they embody a question or not.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In the early thirteenth century, when the growth of communities of scholars (universities) in Paris and other major cities led to an expansion and streamlining of the book-production trade , punctuation was rationalised by assigning Alcuin's stroke-over-dot specifically to interrogatives; by this time the stroke was more sharply curved and can easily be recognised as the modern question-mark.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirEIvV8cLOoRx8sM5Nu_yCs8XjDKaGxRyGFEBCKgeXjXgQnhCLm7ODgprU3KSTDwVjSQqe-BTp_jG4w7xRBKfBKW-pLNzmoZVXa35Mr-NKBm8qUVq_H4ruqfRkFrFc903cYRPXvg6Yw-w/s1600-h/Questio.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirEIvV8cLOoRx8sM5Nu_yCs8XjDKaGxRyGFEBCKgeXjXgQnhCLm7ODgprU3KSTDwVjSQqe-BTp_jG4w7xRBKfBKW-pLNzmoZVXa35Mr-NKBm8qUVq_H4ruqfRkFrFc903cYRPXvg6Yw-w/s400/Questio.png" width="400" /></a></div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">The symbol is also sometimes thought to originate from the Latin <i>quaestiō</i> (that is, <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">qvaestio</span>), meaning "question", which was abbreviated during the Middle Ages to <i>Qo</i>. The uppercase <i>Q</i> was written above the lowercase <i>o</i>, and this mark was transformed into the modern symbol. However, evidence of the actual use of the Q-over-o notation in mediaeval manuscripts is lacking; if anything, mediaeval forms of the upper component seem to be evolving towards the q-shape rather than away from it.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">many types of question marksssss</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="gallery" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;"><tbody>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"></tr>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_mark.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Question_mark.svg/68px-Question_mark.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="68" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Times New Roman question mark</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_dropshade.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Question_dropshade.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Question mark with drop shade</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vraagteken.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vraagteken.svg/72px-Vraagteken.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="72" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Red question mark</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_opening-closing.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Question_opening-closing.svg/110px-Question_opening-closing.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="110" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Opening/closing question marks</div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inverted_question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Inverted_question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg/93px-Inverted_question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="93" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Inverted question mark</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inverted_question_mark_alternate.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Inverted_question_mark_alternate.svg/93px-Inverted_question_mark_alternate.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="93" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Question mark</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg/92px-Question_mark_alternate_inverted.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Alternate inverted question mark</div></div></div></td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_mark_alternate.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="120" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Question_mark_alternate.svg/92px-Question_mark_alternate.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div></div><div class="gallerytext" style="font-size: 12px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 2px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">Alternate question mark</div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top;"><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: white; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: white; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: white; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="gallerybox" style="margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; width: 155px;"><div class="thumb" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 2px; margin-left: 2px; margin-right: 2px; margin-top: 2px; padding-bottom: 13px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px; text-align: center; width: 150px;"><div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 120px;"><a class="image" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Question_mark2.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #002bb8; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Question mark2.svg" height="119" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Question_mark2.svg/92px-Question_mark2.svg.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Checker-16x16.png); background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: repeat repeat; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="92" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr>
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</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">In Medicine</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"> A question mark is used in English medical notes to suggest a possible diagnosis. It facilitates the recording of a doctor’s impressions regarding a patient’s symptoms and signs. For example, for a patient presenting with left lower abdominal pain, a differential diagnosis might include ?Diverticulitis (read as 'Query Diverticulitis').</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><br />
</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">i think dis is a little information wat can i gve in my blogggg still der is much information want to know ...................</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;"><a href="" name="question_tags"></a></span></div><a href="" name="question_tags"><div style="color: black; font-family: times, 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20px; text-align: left; text-indent: 32px;"><br />
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</div></span></span></div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-52292295644046922642010-02-13T23:18:00.000+05:302010-02-13T23:18:10.324+05:30NETWORKINGGG<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZGVKZ9h1c0uUk1fZoCRACrnDC7-LWUtg7Q8pz0zW1ykPXsdhO_tV0LOYr7fXf92U2csWgoi8vkPNFTsMEcGdn3vrRSPky_w0OFQLZTy7iptFUeXydZo6yxtv40-B_QFqClwie63OOK4/s1600-h/Networking-diagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZGVKZ9h1c0uUk1fZoCRACrnDC7-LWUtg7Q8pz0zW1ykPXsdhO_tV0LOYr7fXf92U2csWgoi8vkPNFTsMEcGdn3vrRSPky_w0OFQLZTy7iptFUeXydZo6yxtv40-B_QFqClwie63OOK4/s320/Networking-diagram.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">In the World of Computers, Networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices for the purpose of sharing data, networks are build up with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.</span></b></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-family: Arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">Networking can be categorized in several different forms. one approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans . </span>LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">) which typically reach across a single home where as </span>WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> reach cities,states,or even across the world. the internet is world's largest </span>WAN.</span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">In networking their <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">are two types of designs they are </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">client-server and peer- to- peer</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">. client server networks features centralized server computers that store e-mails,web pages.files.or application. on a peer-to-peer </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">networks supports same function . Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">In networking, the communication language used by computer devices is called the protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols to support specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.</div><div><br />
</div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. Recently, however, wireless networking alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks. </span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Wi-Fi is the most popular wireless communication protocol for local area networks. Private home and business networks, and public hotspots, use Wi-Fi to networks computers and other wireless devices to each other and the Internet. Bluetooth is another wireless protocol commonly used in cellular phones and computer peripherals for short range network communication.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">The technologies used to connect to the Internet are different than those used for connecting devices on local area network. DSL, cable modem and fiber provide fixed broadband Internet service, while WiMax and LTE additionally support mobile connectivity. In geographic areas where these high-speed options are unavailable, subscribers are forced to use older cellular services, satellite or even dial-up Internet instead.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: red;">Now a days satellite internet is used widely</span></b></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Satellite Internet</b> is a form of high-speed Internet service. Satellite Internet services utilize telecommunications satellites in Earth orbit to provide Internet access to consumers.</div><div style="text-align: left;">Satellite Internet service covers areas where DSL and cable access is unavailable. Satellite offers less network bandwidth compared to DSL or cable, however. In addition, the long delays required to transmit data between the satellite and the ground stations tend to create high network latency, causing a sluggish performance experience in some cases. Network applications like VPN and online gaming may not function properly over satellite Internet connections due to these latency issues.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Older residential satellite Internet services supported only "one-way" downloads over the satellite link, requiring a telephone modem for uploading. All newer satellite services support full "two-way" satellite links.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Satellite Internet service does not necessary utilitize WiMax. WiMax technology supplies one method to deliver high-speed Internet service over wireless links, but satellite providers may implement their systems differently.</div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;">Most computer networks direct messages from source to destination devices using any of three techniques called routing, switching and bridging. Routers use certain network address information contained inside messages to send them ahead to their destination (sometimes indirectly via one or more additional routers). Switches use much of the same technology as routers but typically support local area networks only. Bridging allows messages to flow between two different types of physical networks.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">so guys if u hav any doubts in networking are any problem with u r computer contact to dis num +918143299558 are mail to me kodumuruteja1111@gmail.com</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
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</b></span></span></div></div></div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-31958730795392008272010-02-09T19:21:00.000+05:302010-02-09T19:21:35.394+05:30"2012" No sign of an end yet to the big freezee<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Cpoms38f7d9w55k2fMdd0PZsIzlKmAYh9Yz73GrlV_eSWmMRlrNoo1zMSQuCHOTF_KZ3JPv_74kiM5PFUFmGQpjmnzMZg6O39QqVW2KtqWlPa3AzNo370hbqHsv6k6Ex2_DU8_BQmYw/s1600-h/A+couple+of+bathers+kiss+in+the+roof+top+pool+of+the+Thermae+Bath+Spa+enjoy+the+naturally+heated+spa+water+as+snow+sits+on+the+rooftops+of+the+city+on+January+6,+2010+in+Bath,+England.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Cpoms38f7d9w55k2fMdd0PZsIzlKmAYh9Yz73GrlV_eSWmMRlrNoo1zMSQuCHOTF_KZ3JPv_74kiM5PFUFmGQpjmnzMZg6O39QqVW2KtqWlPa3AzNo370hbqHsv6k6Ex2_DU8_BQmYw/s320/A+couple+of+bathers+kiss+in+the+roof+top+pool+of+the+Thermae+Bath+Spa+enjoy+the+naturally+heated+spa+water+as+snow+sits+on+the+rooftops+of+the+city+on+January+6,+2010+in+Bath,+England.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Britain's big freeze showed no sign of easing tonight as heavy snow again brought swathes of the country to a standstill.<br />
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Hospitals cancelled operations, the Army was drafted in to rescue motorists and emergency moves to ease the gritting crisis were demanded as a further 1.5ft (47cm) of snow fell in some parts.<br />
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Crucial transport networks went into meltdown during heavy flurries across the south while hundreds of thousands of children enjoyed an extension to their holidays after school closures <br />
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With millions unable to get into work on a day estimated to have cost businesses £690 million, forecasters warned the misery will continue into next week.<br />
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After striking Scotland and the north of England, the heavy snowfall moved south to the home counties and London - where it was set to continue falling over night<br />
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Clare Allen, a forecaster with MeteoGroup, the weather division of the Press Association, said parts of Kent could be worst hit tonight.<br />
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She added: "In terms of the overall cold snap, there is no sign of it coming to an end - it goes on as long as we can read into next week."<br />
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The lowest temperatures overnight were -13C (9F) in Aboyne, Aberdeenshire, and -10.3C (14F) in Marham, Norfolk. Parts of the northern Highlands recorded 47cm (18.5in), MeteoGroup said.<br />
Emergency measures to alleviate the gritting crisis, allowing Britain's biggest salt mine to supply the country day and night, were put forward by councillors. They said they would look favourably on suspending planning restrictions limiting lorry movements to and from Winsford's salt mine in Cheshire.<br />
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FLIGHTS<br />
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One of the busiest airports in the country - Gatwick in West Sussex - remained shut for much of the day with more than 240 flights cancelled.<br />
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Hundreds were stranded at Stansted after snow forced airport officials to shut the runway. Scores queued for information and passengers wanting to speak to staff at a Ryanair desk were told told to expect a two to three-hour wait. Officials at the airport in Essex said more than 20 flights were cancelled and more than 20 incoming planes diverted. They advised travellers to contact airlines for information about re-booking and compensation. Stansted said the runway had been closed for around two hours from 9am<br />
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Budget airline easyJet had to axe more than 250 flights and other carriers were hit by the closure of a number of airports.<br />
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Cardiff Airport re-opened and departing flights were operating with delays. Flights to Aberdeen, Anglesey and Amsterdam were cancelled.<br />
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The UK's biggest airport - Heathrow in west London - remained open but services there were subject to delays and cancellations.<br />
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Cardiff airport will remain closed until at least 3pm. There were delays and cancellations at Manchester, Aberdeen and Leeds Bradford airports.<br />
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ROADS<br />
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Dyfed Powys Police were appealing to motorists who abandoned their cars yesterday to collect them today. Abandoned cars have become a problem for other drivers in some areas by causing an obstruction. Roads around the village of Keeston, near Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, are a particular problem, police said.<br />
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An elderly man died after his car went out of control on an icy road, according to police. The pensioner was driving a blue Morris Minor which left the road at the junction of Common Lane and Warsash Road in Titchfield, Hampshire. A police spokesman said: "The driver was found slumped at the wheel. No other vehicles were involved and the driver was pronounced dead at the scene."<br />
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<br />
Police working with Armed Forces and fire service personnel used military trucks and Land Rovers to access motorists who were caught in a 10-mile jam on the A3(M) trunk road at Waterlooville, Hampshire. Many of those stuck were evacuated to rescue centres while others remained in their vehicles overnight. The Highways Agency warned drivers to avoid the A3 and the A3(M) in Hampshire and Surrey.<br />
Elsewhere, the M27 motorway was passable this morning but traffic was very slow, while many minor roads were hazardous with police advising motorists to stay at home unless absolutely necessary.<br />
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On the Isle of Wight, 40 motorists were evacuated to a rest centre at the Riverside Centre in Newport after being found taking cover in a bus shelter by police.<br />
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Devon and Cornwall Police warned drivers to make only essential journeys.<br />
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NATIONAL RAIL<br />
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There were no services between Glasgow and Edinburgh on CrossCountry services, while buses replaced trains between Inverness and Perth in Scotland.<br />
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There were no services operating between Sheffield and Leeds on East Midlands Trains, while trees on the line disrupted South West Trains' services between Portsmouth Harbour and Guildford.<br />
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First TransPennine Express was unable to run any trains between Carlisle and Edinburgh.<br />
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South West Trains - whose routes pass through worst-hit Surrey, Hampshire and Dorset - was running a restricted service today. Southeastern also ran reduced services, although passengers with standard tickets were accepted on the high-speed service without paying the normal supplement.<br />
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Chiltern Railways also said it was running an amended timetable, while Virgin Trains warned that trains on all routes via Carlisle were being delayed because of broken down trains caused by the poor weather.<br />
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<br />
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First Great Western, which operates trains between South Wales and London Paddington, was running a severely reduced service. The company was unable to run services between Newton Abbot and Paignton in Devon, while there were delays to its trains between Bristol and Newport/Cardiff and between Exeter St Davids and Plymouth.<br />
National Express East Anglia reported delays to services through Colchester in Essex, while there was a reduced service on the Stansted Express.<br />
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The Association of Train Operating Companies said that, by 12.30pm, 61 per cent of trains had run on time, 34 per cent had arrived late and 5 per cent had been cancelled.<br />
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It added that train companies were putting extra staff on standby to help deal with the weather conditions and provide information to passengers.<br />
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Platforms and approaches to stations were being gritted and customers being kept informed, where possible, by email and text and websites.<br />
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Passengers can call a new telephone number - 08453 017 641 - for information.<br />
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LONDON<br />
<br />
London Overground services between London and Watford Junction in Hertfordshire were suspended.<br />
<br />
Tube trains were running today, but with some delays. The Northern line was suspended between High Barnet and Archway, while the Piccadilly line was suspended between Acton Town and Rayners Lane. Some buses had to take diversions.<br />
<br />
A Transport for London (TfL) spokesman said: "TfL has well prepared cold weather plans which were put in place across our network again last night, working closely with our partners in the London boroughs.<br />
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"Tube, bus and all other TfL services are operating well this morning."Our fleet of 38 gritters have been operating across the TfL road network working to keep the roads and pavements clear and de-icing trains have been running across the Tube, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink networks overnight.<br />
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"We will continue to closely monitor weather forecasts and encourage everyone to allow more time for your journey and to check before you travel."<br />
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SCHOOLS<br />
<br />
North Somerset Council has already announced that all schools within the authority will be closed tomorrow.<br />
<br />
At least 320 of Hertfordshire's 520 schools were closed. Hampshire County Council said at least 410 schools out of a total of 536 were shut.<br />
<br />
Buckinghamshire County Council said that 176 schools were shut, and Oxfordshire County Council reported the closure of 164 of its schools.<br />
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There were also closures in West Berkshire, East and West Sussex, Milton Keynes, Slough, Surrey, Bracknell Forest and Windsor and Maidenhead.<br />
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More than 70 schools were shut in Kent, and there were dozens of closures in Brighton.<br />
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In Harrow, north London, 58 schools were closed and its 130 Special Needs Transport routes for schoolchildren and vulnerable adults were cancelled.<br />
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Other boroughs in the capital fared better, with only a handful of closures in Southwark, Westminster and Camden.<br />
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The South West saw several schools closed, including all those in Bath and North East Somerset.<br />
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So far 330 schools in Gloucestershire, 143 in Wiltshire, about 200 in Somerset and some 80 in Bristol have shut up shop.<br />
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School transport in Swindon and South Gloucestershire was cancelled and the University of the West of England in Bristol was shut.<br />
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In Devon and Cornwall, around 450 schools were closed today after reported snowfalls of almost 4in (10cm).<br />
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More than 100 schools were closed in Nottinghamshire this morning, including every special school in the county.<br />
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In Derbyshire more than 100 schools were shut, nearly 90 in Northamptonshire and around 45 in Bedfordshire.<br />
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In Birmingham more than 100 schools were closed after six inches of snow fell in some parts of the city.<br />
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Pupils at 39 schools in Coventry were given the day off, with dozens of schools and colleges in Shropshire, Herefordshire and Worcestershire also closing for the day.<br />
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In North Wales, more than 430 schools were shut across six councils, with Wrexham Council alone closing 184.<br />
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More than 40 schools were closed in Essex today, while education authority officials said a handful of schools were closed in parts of East Anglia because of heating problems.<br />
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In the North West, Salford City Council shut all its schools, children's centres and nurseries.<br />
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Across Greater Manchester, tens of thousands more pupils got another day off - with local parks becoming playgrounds for hordes of youngsters on sledges.<br />
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More than 100 schools in Manchester were closed, with Warrington shutting all its schools.<br />
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In Bury, 77 schools were closed, in Wigan 76 schools and colleges were shut, in Salford all of its 102 schools were closed, in Bolton 93 were shut, in Oldham 99, in Tameside, to the east of Manchester, 99 schools were closed, in Stockport around 100 and in Rochdale 68.<br />
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Other local authorities reporting school closures included Cumbria and St Helens, and around half the schools in Liverpool were shut.<br />
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Elsewhere on Merseyside, 115 schools across Wirral were shut, almost 60 in Knowsley and a similar number in Sefton.<br />
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More than 90 schools covered by Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester councils gave pupils the day off.<br />
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Further afield, around 340 schools were closed across Lancashire.<br />
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Hundreds of schools in Yorkshire decided not to open today, including more than 50 in Leeds and more than 100 in South Yorkshire.<br />
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More than 300 schools in the North East were closed because of the weather.<br />
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In County Durham, 88 schools were shut, while around 90 closed in Tyne and Wear and 152 in Northumberland.<br />
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The icy conditions meant several schools were closed in Scotland.<br />
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Scottish Borders, Midlothian, East Lothian and Aberdeenshire councils said none of their schools were open for pupils today.<br />
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Nine schools in the Western Isles were shut, and in Dumfries and Galloway only a handful of the area's 120 schools were open.<br />
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In Aberdeen, 12 schools were closed or partially closed, 41 schools and nurseries were shut in Fife and 21 schools had to close in Edinburgh.<br />
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AND ALSO...<br />
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* A gritter overturned on an icy road leaving the driver shaken and bruised, a council said today. The gritter was travelling at 20mph when it overturned, Ceredigion County Council said. A crane was used to move the lorry after the accident on the B4343 between Lampeter and Llanddewi Brefi in Ceredigion, Mid Wales. The driver has since returned to work and another lorry has been sent out to take the place of the overturned gritter, which will require major repairs.<br />
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* In Knighton, Powys, Mid Wales, a police helicopter delivered food and medical supplies to a family who have been stranded for more than two weeks. A spokesman for Dyfed-Powys Police said the family had difficulty getting out because they were in a very rural location but they were also reluctant to leave their horses uncared for. He added that a member of the family was in need of medication, which was being taken in the helicopter.<br />
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* South East Coast Ambulance Service (SECAmb) said it was treating the severe weather conditions as a major incident and warned it would have problems reaching those with minor injuries. Director of operations Sue Harris said: "We are prioritising life-threatening calls above all others, and due to the adverse conditions it is unlikely that we will reach patients with minor injuries and symptoms in worst-hit areas. If you need medical advice please contact NHS Direct on 0845 4647."<br />
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* National Grid, which issued only its second ever gas balancing alert (GBA) on Monday after a 30 per cent surge in seasonal demand, said the warning would not be repeated today. GBAs are a way of warning customers on "interruptible contracts" to ease off on the fuel as well as encouraging suppliers to bring in more gas.<br />
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* Coastguard rescue teams helped ambulance crews to reach casualties during the heavy snow. Three teams from Hill Head, Lymington and Southampton provided support with 4x4 vehicles to help people whom the other emergency services could not reach.<br />
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* Grit stocks in England were generally holding up to demand, according to the Highways Agency. But in north London, Harrow Council said only 650 tonnes of salt remained - enough for four days at the heaviest rate of spreading, or more than a fortnight at a lighter rate. Grit supplies have nearly run out in West Berkshire, one of the most heavily affected areas, with only enough left to cover the main roads one more time. Motorists were urged only to travel if it was absolutely necessary.<br />
<br />
refrence : www()independent()co()uktejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-64679685968981208202010-02-08T23:18:00.002+05:302010-02-08T23:27:53.648+05:30How the Mayan Calendar Works ?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjYw41HC0PcmopZx0AZfMS7QDSFOeBFIuD4WAHo7XxvKx_OVkoj_cvvQu41gH0dmXGjEYVuoozyKc0u-ZRUyZZqbhYm2zzLmnoaYh0OJ5kXC9-qBBEVaWUwUdxucSTMyT7_VgIqjzmJo/s1600-h/mayan-calendar.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjYw41HC0PcmopZx0AZfMS7QDSFOeBFIuD4WAHo7XxvKx_OVkoj_cvvQu41gH0dmXGjEYVuoozyKc0u-ZRUyZZqbhYm2zzLmnoaYh0OJ5kXC9-qBBEVaWUwUdxucSTMyT7_VgIqjzmJo/s320/mayan-calendar.gif" width="300" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Most people around the globe look at some form of a calendar every single day. Business executives check to see when their meetings are scheduled. The busy mom confirms soccer practices and piano lessons. College students ensure that their papers are turned in on time and they have plenty of time to study for their history exams. For the people of ancient Maya, calendars were just as important to daily life as they are to people today. In this article, we'll look at how the Mayan calendar came to be and the meaning behind each type of calendar the Mayans created. First, let's get a little background on the Mayans.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mayans originated in a region called <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mesoamerica</strong>, or Middle America. This region lies in betweenMexico and South America and was home to many other cultures, including the Aztec, Olmec, Teotihuacan and Toltec. The Mayans lived in what are today's Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador and Southern Mexico (Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo Tabasco and Chiapas).</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Mayan history is broken into three periods:</div><ul style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="disc"><li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Formative or Pre-classic - 2000 B.C. until A.D. 300</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Classic - A.D. 300 until A.D. 900</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Post-classic - A.D. 900 until the Spanish Inquisition in the 1400s</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">The Mayans weren't the first ever to use a calendar -- there were ancient calendars in use throughout civilizations worldwide -- but they did create four different calendars. Depending on their needs, the Mayans used different calendars to record each event, either alone, or in some combination of two calendars.Mesoamericans began writing during the mid-Pre-classic period. The Mayans were the first to keep any sort of historical record, and the beginnings of the calendar were born. The Mayans used <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stelae</strong>, or stone monuments, to carve their civil events, calendars and astronomy knowledge. They also recorded their religious beliefs and mythology on pottery.</div><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></div><h1 class="articlePageTitle" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Tzolk'in Calendar</h1><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Tzolk'in calendar was the first one used by the Mayans. Most calendars used throughout Mesoamerica consisted of 260 days. The Tzolk'in, or Sacred Round, calendar followed suit. One theory for its length is that 260 days is the length of pregnancy, and the calendar was based on that [source: Maya Mystery School]. Another states that it was the length of time to cultivate corn. It's more likely that it was based on numbers.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Numbers had great significance in the Mayan culture. For example, the number 20 signifies the number of digits a person has -- 10 fingers and 10 toes. The number 13 refers to the major joints in the human body where it's believed disease and illness enter and attack -- one neck, two shoulders, two elbows, two wrists, two hips, two knees and two ankles [source: Garcia]. The number 13 also represented the levels of heaven where sacred lords ruled the Earth [source: Tzolk'in Calendar].</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">It's these numbers, 20 and 13, that are used to make up the Tzolk'in calendar. In the Gregorian calendar, we have seven days of the week and, depending on the month, anywhere from 28 to 31 days. The Tzolk'in calendar is made up of 20 day names and 13 numbers. The days are numbered one through 13, and the names are also given in sequence.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: left;"><tbody style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td colspan="4" style="border-bottom-color: windowtext; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-color: windowtext; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-color: windowtext; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-color: windowtext; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tzolk'in Calendar Day Names</strong></div></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Imix'</div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Ik'</div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Ak'b'al</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4. K'an</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5. Chikchan</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Kimi</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7. Manik'</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8. Lamat</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">9. Muluk</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10. Ok</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">11. Chuwen</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">12. Eb'</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">13. B'en</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">14. Ix</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">15. Men</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">16. Kib'</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1pt; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">17. Kab'an</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">18. Etz'nab'</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">19. Kawak</span></div></td><td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20. Ajaw</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The beginning of the Tzolk'in calendar begins with the first day name, Imix', and the number one. The days continue in sequence until all 13 numbers are used. Then, the numbers begin again with one, but the day names continue with the 14<sup style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> day. Once you reach 13 B'en, you will continue on with 1 Ix, 2 Men, 3 Kib', and so forth until you reach 7 Ajaw. At this point, the day names begin again, but the numbers continue: 8 Imix', 9 Ik', 10 Ak'b'al, and so on.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Think of two gears that interlock together. One has the 20 day names and the corresponding hieroglyphics. The other, smaller one has the numbers one through 13. If you lock those gears together at the number one and the day name Imix', then rotate them until you reach one and Imix' again, you'll have 260 unique days, making up the Tzolk'in calendar.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">It's easy to see the significance the Mayans put in the Tzolk'in calendar. For example, they believed that the date of your birth determines the characteristics you'll show in your personality -- much like some people believe your astrological sign does today.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Mayans also used the calendar to determine the crop schedule: It takes one 260-day cycle to prepare the land to plant corn, and one 260-day cycle to grow and harvest the corn.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Holy men used the calendar to determine when certain events would take place throughout the year. At the beginning of each <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">uinal </strong>(period of 20 days), a shaman would count forward to determine when religious and ceremonial events would occur. Then he set the dates that would be the most prosperous or lucky for the community.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">While these were some of the uses of the Tzolk'in calendar, it couldn't be used for everything. For example, it didn't measure a <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">solar year</strong>, the time it takes for the sun to make a complete cycle. Because of this, the Mayans needed a more accurate calendar to measure what we know as a full year.</div><h1 class="articlePageTitle" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Haab Calendar and the Calendar Round</h1><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><img alt="mayan calendar in stone" class="article" height="268" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calendar-2.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></div><span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">Mayan calendar carved in stone.</span></div></span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The Haab calendar is very similar to the Gregorian calendar that we use today. It's based on the cycle of the<a href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/central-american-history/%20http://science.howstuffworks.com/sun.htm" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #005288; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">sun</a>, and was used for agricultural, economic and accounting activities. Much like the Tzolk'in calendar, it's also comprised of uinals, and each day has its own hieroglyph and number. However, instead of using 13 uinals for 260 days, the Haab calendar has 18 uinals, giving it 360 days.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Astronomers noticed that 360 days wasn't enough time for the sun to make it through a full solar cycle. They argued that the calendar should follow the cycle as closely as it could in order to be as accurate as possible. However, Mayan mathematicians didn't see it that way. They wanted to keep things simple, in increments of 20, just like their math system. The astronomers and mathematicians finally agreed on the 18 uinals, with five "nameless days" called the <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">wayeb </strong>[source: The Maya Calendar].</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The wayeb, or uayeb, is considered one "month" of five days, and it's thought to be a very dangerous time. The Mayans believed the gods rested during this time, leaving the Earth unprotected. The Mayans performed ceremonies and rituals during the wayeb in hopes that the gods would return once again [source: The Mayan Calendar Portal].</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">While this calendar was longer than the Tzolk'in, the Mayans wanted to create a calendar that would record even more time. For this reason, the Tzolk'in and Haab calendars were combined to form the Calendar Round.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">In the Calendar Round, the 260 days of the Tzolk'in calendar are paired with the 360 days and five nameless days of the Haab calendar. The two calendars are matched the same way the Tzolk'in day names and numbers are (think back to the illustration of the gears on the second page). This gives the Calendar Round 18,890 unique days, a time period of around 52 years.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Neither the Tzolk'in nor the Haab calendars measured more than one year. The Mayans wanted to record history, and decided to create a calendar that would give them a longer span than a year. At the time, the Calendar Round was the longest calendar in Mesoamerica. Historians of the time, however, wanted to record Mayan history for generations to come in the future. They wanted a calendar that would take them through hundreds, even thousands, of years (what we would describe as centuries and millennia). Enter the Long Count calendar.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></div><h1 class="articlePageTitle" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calendar-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><img alt="Mayan calendar column" border="0" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calendar-3.jpg" /></a><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">The Long Count Calendar</div></h1><br />
<div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Unfortunately, the Long Count calendar isn't as simple as combining two calendars together to get new dates. It' s a little more complicated and abstract. In order to understand the Long Count, you first need to become familiar with a few terms:</div><ul style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" type="disc"><li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">One day - kin</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">20 days - uinal</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">360 days - tun</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">7,200 days - katun</li>
<li style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 25px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 14px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">144,000 days - baktun</li>
</ul><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">The span of the Long Count calendar is called the <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Great Cycle</strong>, and lasts approximately 5,125.36 years [source: Jenkins]. To find the Lon g Count date that corresponds with any Gregorian date, you'll need to count the days from the beginning of the last Great Cycle. But determining when the last cycle began and matching that up to a Gregorian date is quite a feat. English anthropologist Sir Eric Thompson set out to determine the date, and he looked to the Spanish Inquisition for help.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calendar-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><img alt="Mayan pyramid" border="0" class="article" height="307" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calendar-4.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-right-style: solid; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="credit" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div></span><span class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><br />
<span class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: left;">The Mayan pyramid in Chichen Itza was a physical calendar. Each side has a staircase with 91 steps and a platform, for a total of 365 steps. The dates inscribed into the pyramids all were written in the Long Count format.</div></span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">What transpired was known as the <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thompson Correlation</strong>. Events that occurred during the Inquisition were recorded on both the Mayan Long Count calendar and the Gregorian calendar. Scholars then gathered dates that matched on both calendars and compared them to the <strong style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dresden Codex</strong>, one of four Mayan documents that survived the Inquisition. This codex confirmed the date long thought by Thompson to be the beginning of the current Great Cycle -- August 13, 3114 B.C. [source: Mayan Long Count].</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Now that we have the beginning date of the Great Cycle, let's put the Long Count into practice. We'll take a date that's familiar to many Americans -- July 20, 1969, the day Apollo 11 landed on the moon. In the Long Count calendar, this date is written as 12.17.15.17.0 . You'll notice there are five number places in the date. Reading from left to right, the first place signifies the number of baktuns since the beginning of the Great Cycle. In this case, there have been 12 baktuns, or 1,728,000 days (144,000 x 12) since August 13, 3114. The second place relates to the number of katuns that have taken place. Then it continues on to the right with the number of tuns, uinals and kins</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></div><h1 class="articlePageTitle" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mayan Numbers and Math</h1><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 400px;"><img alt="Mayan mathematical system-1-20" class="article" height="200" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calender-5.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="400" /><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 11px;"><br style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" /></span></span><span class="caption" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mayan mathematical system-1-20</span></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Along with their advances to the calendar -- like the Tzolk'in, the Haab, and the Long Count -- theMayans also created their own math system. They used a series of dots and bars to signify numbers. One dot equaled one unit while one bar equaled five units. A shell symbol signified zero.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In a system similar to the one we use now, the Mayans used place values to designate large numbers. However, the similarities end there.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calender-7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Mayan math - 29" border="0" class="article" height="75" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calender-7.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-right-style: solid; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="100" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 205px;"><img alt="Mayan math - 27" class="article" height="75" src="http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/mayan-calender-6.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(210, 210, 210); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="100" /></div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Their place values are vertical, where ours are horizontal. For instance, we write the number 27 horizontally -- the number 2, then the number 7 to the right of it. The Mayans, however, would write 27 vertical ly -- their symbol for 7 (a line with 2 dots over it) would be on the bottom, and the symbol for 20 (a dot on the line above) would be directly over it. The same applies for other numbers, like 29.</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">reference :: science()howstuffworks()com</div><div style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14pt; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br />
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</div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-78086315081314281612010-02-08T22:26:00.000+05:302010-02-08T22:26:08.068+05:30How Does the Thermometer Work?<div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><a href="http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/images/galileo_thermometer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Picture of Galileo Thermometer." border="0" src="http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/images/galileo_thermometer.jpg" /></a></div><div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br />
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</div>A thermometer is a device that measures the temperature of things. The name is made up of two smaller words: "Thermo" means heat and "meter" means to measure. You can use a thermometer to tell the temperature outside or inside your house, inside your oven, even the temperature of your body if you're sick.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">One of the earliest inventors of a thermometer was probably Galileo. We know him more for his studies about the solar system and his "revolutionary" theory (back then) that the earth and planets rotated around the sun. Galileo is said to have used a device called a "thermoscope" around 1600 - that's 400 years ago!!The thermometers we use today are different than the ones Galileo may have used. There is usually a bulb at the base of the thermometer with a long glass tube stretching out the top. Early thermometers used water, but because water freezes there was no way to measure temperatures less than the freezing point of water. So, alcohol, which freezes at temperature below the point where water freezes, was used.The red colored or silver line in the middle of the thermometer moves up and down depending on the temperature. The thermometer measures temperatures in Fahrenheit, Celsius and another scale called Kelvin. Fahrenheit is used mostly in the United States, and most of the rest of the world uses Celsius. Kelvin is used by scientists.Fahrenheit is named after the German physicist Gabriel D. Fahrenheit who developed his scale in 1724. Ice freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (F for short), and water boils at 212 degrees F. He arbitrarily decided that the difference between the freezing point and boiling point of water should be 180 degrees.The Celsius scale is named after Anders Celsius. The Celsius scale used to be called the "centigrade" scale. Centigrade means "divided into 100 degrees." Anders Celsius developed his scale in 1742. He started with the freezing point of water and said that was 0 degrees Celsius (C for short). At the point where water boils, he marked that at 100 degrees C. This scale is much more scientific because the measurement is broken down into an even 100 degrees. This is similar to the scientific system of measuring distance and weight called the metric system.Kelvin is named after Lord Kelvin, whose full name is Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, Lord Kelvin of Scotland. His scale starts at 0 degrees Kelvin, which is called absolute temperature.Lord Kelvin took the idea of temperature one step further with his invention of the Kelvin Scale in 1848. The Kelvin Scale measures the coldest temperature there can be. He said there was no upper limit of how hot things can get, but he said there was a limit as to how cold things can get. Kelvin developed the idea of Absolute Zero. This is at minus 273.15 degrees Celsius (or -523.67 F)! At this temperature, absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, occurring when no heat energy remains in a substance. Absolute zero is the point at which molecules do not move (relative to the rest of the body).</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">As far as scientists know, nothing in the universe can get that cold!</span><br />
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</span><h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">How A Thermometer Works</span></h3><img align="right" alt="Picture of Bulb Thermometer." height="300" src="http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/images/bulb_thermometer.jpg" width="150" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">When you look at a regular outside bulb thermometer, you'll see a thin red or silver line that grows longer when it is hotter. The line goes down in cold weather.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">This liquid is sometimes colored alcohol but can also be a metallic liquid called mercury. Both mercury and alcohol grow bigger when heated and smaller when cooled. Inside the glass tube of a thermometer, the liquid has no place to go but up when the temperature is hot and down when the temperature is cold.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Numbers are placed alongside the glass tube that mark the temperature when the line is at that point.</span><br />
<img align="left" alt="Picture of Spring Thermometer." height="150" src="http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/images/spring_thermometer.jpg" width="123" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The other type of common thermometer is a "spring" thermometer. A coiled piece of metal that is sensitive to heat is used. One end of the spring is attached to the pointer. As the air heats, the metal expands and the pointer moves higher. As the air cools, the metal contracts and the pointer moves lower. Typically, these type of thermometers are less accurate than bulb or digital thermometers.</span><br />
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</div></span>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-70338197835446061132010-02-06T22:29:00.000+05:302010-02-06T22:29:51.240+05:30Self-Help Books Do More Harm Than Good<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCWFx8bvz7tcYDoKYrWf3A4iSu-TmukGsDqHQ9raG03ddfFV3CBv_J-irxrp3-4A5AZrOjU_QxH4mZbxBO7RFxP8K2krERQuOoRZRgmHuLA4-BWF-xPnaU8UEbt_GdjnvoPBLh-him370/s1600-h/books.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCWFx8bvz7tcYDoKYrWf3A4iSu-TmukGsDqHQ9raG03ddfFV3CBv_J-irxrp3-4A5AZrOjU_QxH4mZbxBO7RFxP8K2krERQuOoRZRgmHuLA4-BWF-xPnaU8UEbt_GdjnvoPBLh-him370/s320/books.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Canadian experts have found that so-called self-help books may actually do more harm than good to people who really need help. Researchers say that individuals with low esteem felt much worse after repeating positive statements about themselves.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">In their study, psychologists Joanne Wood and John Lee from the University of Waterloo, and Elaine Perunovic from the University of New Brunswick, sought to determine how positive thinking affected people with different levels of self-confidence. They questioned dozens of people, both male and female, analyzed their self-worth and optimism by means of the standard psychological methods and then asked them to write down their thoughts and feelings. The scoring system ranged from 0 to 35.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">During the first experiment, the investigators asked a total of 68 participants to repeat the self-help book phrase, "I am a lovable person." After that they measured the participants' moods and their feelings about themselves. The results revealed that the participants in the low self-esteem group who repeated the mantra, were feeling much worse afterwards, when compared to other participants in low self-esteem group who did not repeat the phrase. Those with low self-esteem who repeated the phrase scored an average of 10 points. Their counterparts with equally low self-esteem who were not asked to repeat the statement, were able to score a little higher average of 17 points.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">However, individuals with high self-esteem reported feeling better after repeating the positive self-statement - but only slightly. They scored an average of 31 points, compared with an average of 25 for those with equally high self-esteem who did not repeat the phrase.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">In the experiment number two, the psychologists asked the study subjects to list both negative and positive thoughts about themselves. The study found that, paradoxically, the participants with low self-esteem were in a better mood when they were allowed to have negative self-thoughts than when they were asked to concentrate just on positive thoughts about themselves.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Joanne Wood, Professor of Psychology at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada, and a principal author of the study, said that it seemed that repeating a positive phrase worked only if it reinforced the idea which the person already believed. It might be that positive self-statements remind people that they are not measuring up to important standards and that they should only have positive thoughts, the author said.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Professor Wood urged those who promote self-help books, magazines and television shows to stop telling people that simply repeating a positive mantra could change one's life. First, people start following this ideas and feel like they are not alone. The are told that all they have to do is just to read that book and then to repeat these positive statements in a hope that things will be better, and when it does not work for them and they realize that nothing gets better, then it is really frustrating to people, Prof. Wood said.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Researchers concluded: 'Repeating positive self-statements may benefit certain people such as individuals with high self-esteem but backfire for the very people who need them the most.'</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">The study, entitled <i>Positive Self-Statements: Power for Some, Peril for Others</i>, is published in the Psychological Science, which is a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.</div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-89640741242471381282010-02-06T22:13:00.002+05:302010-02-06T22:19:55.492+05:30<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Khq-SsGnXNRLm-P3sY1hJ5BxauUMZmR82MBBNbU70Xb-t_Ba0EtirVG4cFCi2XSUg3NrnvytG5z_eIwVEIBjkzxmhMlQQ9IIYLJ57xtTdU9i6B4AUbxxidrwdMcsKWPKbjqt8DtIYjU/s1600-h/98171915_b07b308a32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7Khq-SsGnXNRLm-P3sY1hJ5BxauUMZmR82MBBNbU70Xb-t_Ba0EtirVG4cFCi2XSUg3NrnvytG5z_eIwVEIBjkzxmhMlQQ9IIYLJ57xtTdU9i6B4AUbxxidrwdMcsKWPKbjqt8DtIYjU/s320/98171915_b07b308a32.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Valentine is about love, romance and twosomes. Yet, it is next to impossible to have an intimate Valentine's Day when your relationship is subject to resentment and conflict. It is like going for dinner with an upset stomach. Again this year, thousands tolerate their relationships, rather than enjoying them. Thousands are at the brink of break-up and just as many will head for the divorce court. Single again, thousands will walk away from the all-you-eat-buffet of dating companies with empty stomachs. Despite this sad state and plenty of how-to advice, we ignore the true catalyst for powerful change: Improving Our Characters! Our relationship and dating affairs are out of control and need critical attention NOW!</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Ben and Tara have lived a silent war for years. With a part-time job and 3 children, she blames Ben for always working and never being at home. Ben, working his butt off to provide for his family, blames Tara for being uncooperative. Not quite ready to call the quits, the wall between them seems impossible to climb. Ben's statement of defense: Tara knew from day one that my work commitment would absorb all my time. Tara's comeback: What I agreed to then does not work now. With resentment growing faster than the will to compromise, this deteriorating marriage is sucking the life out them. The facts are that:</div><ul><li>Relationships have to work for both partners.<br />
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<li>Life and people change, a fact we must consider in our relationships.<br />
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<li>Conflict resolution must focus on the NOW - not the past.<br />
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</ul><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Regardless of why or when Ben and Tara arrived at this juncture, their relationship needs critical attention by way of compromise. Compromise leads to conflict resolution by using the 3 principles of being Fit 2 Love:</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;"><b>Mutual Respect</b>: <i>Your partner is just as important as you are!</i> Tara must regain respect for Ben and his work while still insisting that he spent more time with his family. Ben must realize that even though his family benefits from his work, they suffer from his absence. Less hours at work, better time management, cutting down expenses are a few suggestions. Where there is a will, there is a way!</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;"><b>Moral Responsibility</b>: <i>You are always responsible when in a relationship!</i> Tara and Ben have the power to make each other feel miserable or exceptional. What will it be? They are responsible for each other's well-being and have an obligation to become better people for each other. With family at home, Ben can't spend every moment at the office. Tara cannot simply complain without offering solutions.</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;"><b>Authenticity</b>: <i>Love only happens when you are real!</i> Like many in strained relationships, you may have become passive-aggressive and no longer are as loving as you once were. Buried under fear and resentment you are afraid to be you. Don't hide, instead, ask for what you need from your partner. Explain how you feel. Address issues in a non-accusing manner. Say what you mean and mean what you say. Step forward and live the change you like to see. Love can only re-emerge when you lose the fear of being you!</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">In any strained relationship, the deep question is: Do I really want this to work? The answer can only be a “yes” or “no”. If “yes” you must compromise for the sake of a more rewarding relationship. Our selfish what's-in-it-for-me attitude never works. If you can say “yes” wholeheartedly and live by the 3 simple principles above, your relationship will improve instantaneously - guaranteed!</div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 22px; margin-top: 18px;">Allie Ochs </div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-19808605905889235202010-02-05T17:06:00.000+05:302010-02-05T17:06:31.932+05:30Engineering Students Rock<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span><br />
<blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;">M</span><b>echanical Engineers Rock Out On Guitars They Construct Themselves</b></blockquote><div><br />
</div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQ09Nr-3NxLguUi7bytid36VS_C0c6Q3DKEkMNIEkd8TnS433CkmBhyphenhyphen3ZRsNHAwj1DmF5WpehMoYc0_lRzxuW0mJvX94IMA4QLUP1vqz2WH2vCrE_8QwtxoJtcAUa8et2g-844N57tmQ/s1600-h/default.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilQ09Nr-3NxLguUi7bytid36VS_C0c6Q3DKEkMNIEkd8TnS433CkmBhyphenhyphen3ZRsNHAwj1DmF5WpehMoYc0_lRzxuW0mJvX94IMA4QLUP1vqz2WH2vCrE_8QwtxoJtcAUa8et2g-844N57tmQ/s400/default.jpg" width="400" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i><b>M</b>echanical engineers combined their skills with that of electrical engineering and computer science to create a college class inspired by the Guitar Hero game. The hands-on course requires students to build their own guitar. To do this, students choose a shape for the guitar, which is cut out of lumber by a computer. Located under the guitar strings, magnets detect vibrations and wire coils send an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker. Effects pedals can also distort the sound and add special effects.Skills from mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science come together to form a cool kind of class that's a hit with students.</i></span></blockquote><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>The video game Guitar Hero is a chart-busting hit. It was the inspiration that mechanical engineering graduate student and teacher Gavin Garner needed for a class assignment.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>"I realized the students enjoyed pretending they were actual guitar players, and I thought, 'Why not have them actually build the real thing in the lab?'" said Garner, of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Va.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Garner's class isn't a music class. It's a new hands-on course combining skills from mechanical, electrical and software engineering called mechatronics. Mechanical engineering student Brad Nichols' guitar rocks.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>"I was thrilled with the guitar," Nichols said. "I thought it looked great for something that was made with two by fours by students in a lab in two or three weeks. It actually sounds pretty good."</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Students pick the shape and a computer automatically cuts the guitar from lumber. Basic magnets, nails and wire coils are mounted under the strings. The magnets pick up the vibrations of the strings and the wire coils send an electronic signal to an amplifier and speaker to produce sound.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>"Then, the electrical signal travels down through into these effects pedals which distort the sound and add special effects, which changes the tone of the music," Garner said.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>The designs show the creativity that went into the guitars, and the sound shows the science skills that created fun, useable objects that students love. "When I want to appreciate what I learned in school, I'll plug that in and strum around on it a little bit," Nichols said.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>Another class assignment had students design a Mech-E-Mouse, a robot programmed to navigate through mazes to find a piece of electronic cheese.</i></span></div><div id="background"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>WHAT IS PITCH: Sound waves are pressure waves. A vibrating object creates a disturbance in the surrounding air, much like a stone cast in a quiet pond will cause waves to ripple outward from the spot where the stone hit. All sound waves have wavelength and frequency. Objects that vibrate very quickly create short wavelengths and a high-pitched sound. Objects that vibrate very slowly create long wavelengths and a low-pitched sound. Frequency measures the speed of vibration in a unit called a Hertz (Hz), and 1 Hz is equivalent to 1 vibration per second. Pluck a string on a guitar, and it might vibrate 500 times per second, so the sound wave's frequency would be 500 Hertz. Pitch simply denotes those frequencies within the range of human hearing (from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz). The faster the rate of vibration, the higher the pitch; the slower the rate of vibration, the lower the pitch.</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i>WHAT MAKES ELECTRIC GUITARS LOUD? Essentially this is possible because of two items: an amplifier and a pick-up. Amplifiers, as you may expect, increase the amplitude or volume of sound and other signals. For audio amplifiers that means a sound must be turned into an electric signal, and sent into the amplifier before it emerges many times louder than the level at which it was originally produced. It is essentially a speaker whose source can be a guitar, a CD, a microphone, or many other items. A pick-up transforms the movement of guitar strings into an electrical signal that can be transmitted to amplifiers or recording equipment. Some use magnets wrapped inside a coil of wire, while others use alternate methods, such as piezoelectric crystals (which respond to physical stress or deformity by creating electrical energy).</i></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px; text-align: justify;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The </span></i><a href="http://www.ieee.org/" style="color: #000099; text-decoration: none;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.</span></i></a><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, contributed to the information contained in the TV portion of this report.</span></i></div></div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-2477412620772617202010-02-05T16:12:00.002+05:302010-02-05T16:15:09.644+05:30New Hubble Maps of Pluto Show Surface Changes<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">NASA has released the most detailed set of images ever taken of the distant dwarf planet Pluto. The images taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope show an icy and dark molasses-colored, mottled world that is undergoing seasonal changes in its surface color and brightness.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeTkB6xlBVBsSrwxkr7Pcch4dXqypZnnL6zV1DNRuMWHipb0Gf58udEHkNJmrcXlIYCVirv_1On8OKCmV9qmhHMLqokFRPdETL4V5U2xSNBFVPoPRWPnh5jxidROBl2rb-sQy88W1HpqE/s1600-h/100204234213-large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeTkB6xlBVBsSrwxkr7Pcch4dXqypZnnL6zV1DNRuMWHipb0Gf58udEHkNJmrcXlIYCVirv_1On8OKCmV9qmhHMLqokFRPdETL4V5U2xSNBFVPoPRWPnh5jxidROBl2rb-sQy88W1HpqE/s400/100204234213-large.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><em>his is the most detailed view to date of the entire surface of the dwarf planet Pluto, as constructed from multiple NASA Hubble Space Telescope photographs taken from 2002 to 2003. The center disk (180 degrees) has a mysterious bright spot that is unusually rich in carbon monoxide frost. Pluto is so small and distant that the task of resolving the surface is as challenging as trying to see the markings on a soccer ball 40 miles away. (Credit: NASA, ESA, and M. Buie (Southwest Research Institute))<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium; font-style: normal; line-height: 19px;"> </span></em></span></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium; line-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Pluto has become significantly redder, while its illuminated northern hemisphere is getting brighter. These changes are most likely consequences of surface ices sublimating on the sunlit pole and then refreezing on the other pole as the dwarf planet heads into the next phase of its 248-year-long seasonal cycle. The dramatic change in color apparently took place in a two-year period, from 2000 to 2002.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Hubble images will remain our sharpest view of Pluto until NASA's New Horizons probe is within six months of its Pluto flyby. The Hubble pictures are proving invaluable for picking out the planet's most interesting-looking hemisphere for the New Horizons spacecraft to swoop over when it flies by Pluto in 2015.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Though Pluto is arguably one of the public's favorite planetary objects, it is also the hardest of which to get a detailed portrait because the world is small and very far away. Hubble resolves surface variations a few hundred miles across, which are too coarse for understanding surface geology. But in terms of surface color and brightness Hubble reveals a complex-looking and variegated world with white, dark-orange and charcoal-black terrain. The overall color is believed to be a result of ultraviolet radiation from the distant sun breaking up methane that is present on Pluto's surface, leaving behind a dark and red carbon-rich residue.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">When Hubble pictures taken in 1994 are compared with a new set of images taken in 2002 to 2003, astronomers see evidence that the northern polar region has gotten brighter, while the southern hemisphere has gotten darker. These changes hint at very complex processes affecting the visible surface, and the new data will be used in continued research.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The images are allowing planetary astronomers to better interpret more than three decades of Pluto observations from other telescopes, says principal investigator Marc Buie of the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo. "The Hubble observations are the key to tying together these other diverse constraints on Pluto and showing how it all makes sense by providing a context based on weather and seasonal changes, which opens other new lines of investigation."</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Hubble pictures underscore that Pluto is not simply a ball of ice and rock but a dynamic world that undergoes dramatic atmospheric changes. These are driven by seasonal changes that are as much propelled by the planet's 248-year elliptical orbit as its axial tilt, unlike Earth where the tilt alone drives seasons. The seasons are very asymmetric because of Pluto's elliptical orbit. Spring transitions to polar summer quickly in the northern hemisphere because Pluto is moving faster along its orbit when it is closer to the sun.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Ground-based observations, taken in 1988 and 2002, show that the mass of the atmosphere doubled over that time. This may be due to warming and sublimating nitrogen ice. The new Hubble images from 2002 to 2003 are giving astronomers essential clues about how the seasons on Pluto work and about the fate of its atmosphere.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The images, taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys, are invaluable to planning the details of the New Horizons flyby in 2015. New Horizons will pass by Pluto so quickly that only one hemisphere will be photographed in the highest possible detail. Particularly noticeable in the Hubble image is a bright spot that has been independently noted to be unusually rich in carbon monoxide frost. It is a prime target for New Horizons. "Everybody is puzzled by this feature," says Buie. New Horizons will get an excellent look at the boundary between this bright feature and a nearby region covered in pitch-black surface material.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">"The Hubble images will also help New Horizons scientists better calculate the exposure time for each Pluto snapshot, which is important for taking the most detailed pictures possible," says Buie. With no chance for re-exposures, accurate models for the surface of Pluto are essential in preventing pictures that are either under- or overexposed.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Hubble images are a few pixels wide. But through a technique called dithering, multiple, slightly offset pictures can be combined through computer-image processing to synthesize a higher-resolution view than could be seen in a single exposure. "This has taken four years and 20 computers operating continuously and simultaneously to accomplish," says Buie, who developed special algorithms to sharpen the Hubble data.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Hubble research results appear in the March 2010 issue of the Astronomical Journal. Buie's science team members are William Grundy of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., and Eliot Young, Leslie Young, and Alan Stern of Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colo.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Buie plans to use Hubble's new Wide Field Camera 3 to make further Pluto observations prior to the arrival of New Horizons.</div><div style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute conducts Hubble science operations. The institute is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. in Washington, D.C.<br />
<br />
reference : sciencedaily(dot)com</div></span></span></span></span></div>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-26764686493511059632010-02-04T23:56:00.001+05:302010-02-05T00:21:03.325+05:30searching is geeting more social todayThe Social Search experiment to make search more personal with relevant web content from your friends and online contacts excited by the number of people who chose to try it out, and today Social Search is available to everyone in beta on google.com.<br /><br />We've been having a lot of fun with Social Search. It's baby season here on our team — two of us just had little ones, and a third is on the way. We're all getting ready to be parents for the first time and we have lots of questions. So, what do we do? We search Google, of course! With Social Search, when we search for [baby sleep patterns], [swaddling] or [best cribs], not only do we get the usual websites with expert opinions, we also find relevant pages from our friends and contacts. For example, if one of my friends has written a blog where he talks about a great baby shop he found in Mountain View, this might appear in my social results. I could probably find other reviews, but my friend's blog is more relevant because I know and trust the author.<br /><br />While we've been enjoying Social Search (and having babies), we've been hard at work on new features. For example, we've added social to Google Images. Now when you're doing a search on Images, you may start seeing pictures from people in your social circle. These are pictures that your friends and other contacts have published publicly to the web on photo-sharing sites like Picasa Web Albums and Flickr. Just like the other social results, social image results appear under a special heading called "Results from your social circle." Here's what it looks like:<br /><p>Looking at the screenshot, you may notice two new links for "My social circle" and "My social content." These links will take you to a new interface we've added where you can see the connections and content behind your social results. Clicking on "My social circle" shows your extended network of online contacts and how you're connected.</p><p><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 75px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_FuukeHTl_OsPrKutzbWFz0l0pGVj4-3Q2eAW3v1i0v1qFKbwXBEG6yvta2_c9ursk8QHTSo3R8oIZ4s33u-QqeDajRdVCYZeBTAauNzb5aiodyqM_bSZFIxWPGypgPkodxtSe5A4CuA/s320/social-onebox-v1-launch.PNG" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5434457371376478770" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /><br />Clicking on "My social content" lists your public pages that might appear in other people's social results. This new interface should give you a peek under the hood of how Social Search builds your social circle and connects you with web content from your friends and extended network. You can check out your social circle directly by visiting this link. (Note that it may take some time for the connections and content to update.)<br /><br />We think there's tremendous potential for social information to improve search, and we're just beginning to scratch the surface. We're leaving a "beta" label on social results because we know there's a lot more we can do. If you want to get the most out of Social Search right away, get started by creating a Google profile, where you can add links to your other public online social services. Check out this short video to learn more:<br /><p>The new features are rolling out now on google.com in English for all signed-in users, and you should start seeing them in the next few days. Time to socialize!</p><p><br /></p><p> <br /></p><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/aYf5iSA6t6g&rel=0&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/aYf5iSA6t6g&rel=0&color1=0xb1b1b1&color2=0xcfcfcf&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3736983634144633438.post-56842479187306604612010-02-04T22:14:00.001+05:302010-02-05T00:22:45.388+05:30The strangestliquid:why water is so weird<div align="justify"><p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRABrCv8mXOtNjs8ZvmqHuXEeZTPCy4tvmmdLTwXku-YF3WO29j2uRXqYl_A2LG_jgyrXwbgL45sLUb6jb4RjkhycCGuNWashzKMqbqSxj-KjZr8wP26XXcD3fl03nKRbzD2XfQVFjN4M/s1600-h/mg20527466.200-2_300.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 229px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRABrCv8mXOtNjs8ZvmqHuXEeZTPCy4tvmmdLTwXku-YF3WO29j2uRXqYl_A2LG_jgyrXwbgL45sLUb6jb4RjkhycCGuNWashzKMqbqSxj-KjZr8wP26XXcD3fl03nKRbzD2XfQVFjN4M/s320/mg20527466.200-2_300.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5434430709166243538" />We are confronted by many mysteries, from the nature of dark matter and the origin of the universe to the quest for a theory of everything. These are all puzzles on the grand scale, but you can observe another enduring mystery of the physical world - equally perplexing, if not quite so grand - from the comfort of your kitchen. Simply fill a tall glass with chilled water, throw in an ice cube and leave it to stand.<br /><br />The fact that the ice cube floats is the first oddity. And the mystery deepens if you take a thermometer and measure the temperature of the water at various depths. At the top, near the ice cube, you'll find it to be around 0 °C, but at the bottom it should be about 4 °C. That's because water is denser at 4°C than it is at any other temperature - another strange trait that sets it apart from other liquids.<br /><br />Water's odd properties don't stop there (see "Water's mysteries"), and some are vital to life. Because ice is less dense than water, and water is less dense at its freezing point than when it is slightly warmer, it freezes from the top down rather than the bottom up. So even during the ice ages, life continued to thrive on lake floors and in the deep ocean. Water also has an extraordinary capacity to mop up heat, and this helps smooth out climatic changes that could otherwise devastate ecosystems.<br /><br />Yet despite water's overwhelming importance to life, no single theory had been able to satisfactorily explain its mysterious properties - until now. If we can believe physicists Anders Nilsson at Stanford University, California, and Lars Pettersson of Stockholm University, Sweden, and their colleagues, we could at last be getting to the bottom of many of these anomalies.<br /><br />Their controversial ideas expand on a theory proposed more than a century ago by Wilhelm Roentgen, the discoverer of X-rays, who claimed that the molecules in liquid water pack together not in just one way, as today's textbooks would have it, but in two fundamentally different ways.<br /><br />Key to the understanding of water's mysteries is the way its molecules - made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom - interact with one another. The oxygen atom has a slight negative charge while the hydrogen atoms share a compensating positive charge. As such, the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of neighbouring molecules are attracted to one another, forming a link called a hydrogen bond.<br /><br />Hydrogen bonds are far weaker than the bonds that link the atoms within molecules together, and so are continually breaking and reforming, but they are at their strongest when molecules are arranged so that each hydrogen bond lines up with a molecular bond (see diagram). The shape of a water molecule is such that each H2O molecule is surrounded by four neighbours arranged in the shape of a triangular pyramid - better known as a tetrahedron.<br /><br />At least, that's the way the molecules arrange themselves in ice. According to the conventional view, liquid water has a similar, albeit less rigid, structure, in which extra molecules can pack into some of the open gaps in the tetrahedral arrangement. That explains why liquid water is denser than ice - and it seems to fit the results of various experiments in which beams of X-rays, infrared light and neutrons are bounced off samples of water.<br /><br />True, some physicists had claimed that water placed under certain extreme conditions may separate into two different structures (see "Extreme water"), but most had assumed it resumes a single structure under normal conditions.<br /><br />Then, 10 years ago, a chance discovery by Pettersson and Nilsson called this picture into question. They were using X-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the amino acid glycine. The peaks in the X-ray absorption spectrum can shed light on the precise nature of the target substance's chemical bonds, and hence on its structure. Importantly, the researchers had got hold of a new, high-power X-ray source with which they were able to make more sensitive and accurate measurements than had ever been possible. They soon realised that the water containing their glycine sample was producing a far more interesting spectrum than the amino acid. "What we saw there was sensational," Nilsson recalls, "so we had to get to the bottom of it."<br /></a></p></div><p><br /></p>tejahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05490260100553139693noreply@blogger.com1